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Overview
What is Hodgkin Lymphoma?
- Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system—a key part of your immune system that helps fight infection and disease.
- It is characterized by the presence of a specific abnormal cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell.
- Unlike many other cancers, Hodgkin lymphoma is highly treatable and often curable, especially when detected early.
Who is affected?
- Can occur at any age, but most common in young adults (ages 15–35) and again in older adults (over 55).
- Slightly more common in males than females.
Causes and Risk Factors
Why does it happen?
- The exact cause is unknown, but it involves genetic changes in certain white blood cells (lymphocytes) leading to their uncontrolled growth.
Are certain people more at risk?
- Family history of lymphoma
- Previous infection with Epstein-Barr virus (the virus that causes glandular fever)
- Weakened immune system (e.g., from HIV/AIDS or organ transplantation)
- History of autoimmune diseases
Symptoms
What are the common signs and symptoms?
- Painless swelling of lymph nodes (often in the neck, armpit, or groin)
- Unexplained fever
- Night sweats (often drenching)
- Unintentional weight loss
- Fatigue or tiredness
- Persistent cough or chest pain (if lymph nodes in the chest are affected)
- Itching skin
Diagnosis
How is it diagnosed?
- Physical examination and medical history
- Blood tests (to check blood counts and organ function)
- Imaging tests (CT scan, PET scan, X-rays) to look for enlarged lymph nodes or affected organs
- Biopsy: Removal of part or all of an enlarged lymph node for microscopic examination—key to confirming Hodgkin lymphoma
What tests are commonly done?
- Lymph node biopsy (excisional or core biopsy)
- Blood tests (complete blood count, liver and kidney function)
- Imaging (CT, PET/CT, sometimes MRI)
- Bone marrow biopsy (occasionally needed)
Treatment Options
What are the treatment choices?
- Chemotherapy: Main treatment; uses medicines to destroy cancer cells
- Radiation therapy: High-energy rays to target cancer, often combined with chemotherapy for some stages
- Targeted therapy: Drugs that target specific weaknesses in cancer cells (used in some cases)
- Immunotherapy: Newer treatments that help the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells
- Stem cell transplant: Reserved for relapsed or difficult-to-treat cases
Are there any advanced or investigational therapies?
- Yes, clinical trials may offer access to newer drugs, especially if standard treatments aren’t effective. Ask your doctor about clinical trial opportunities.
Dietary Advice
Specific dietary recommendations:
- Eat a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
- Stay hydrated, especially during treatment.
- Small, frequent meals may help if you experience nausea or reduced appetite.
Nutrition tips to support treatment or symptom control:
- Manage side effects:
- If you have mouth sores, choose soft, bland foods.
- For nausea, try ginger tea or dry crackers.
- To boost energy, include healthy snacks between meals.
- Wash fruits and vegetables well to lower infection risk.
- Avoid raw or undercooked foods during chemotherapy (food safety is crucial as your immune system may be weaker).
Common supplements (if applicable) and when to discuss with your doctor:
- Do not start any vitamins or supplements without consulting your doctor or dietitian, as some can interact with treatments.
Address food safety or drug-food interactions:
- Be cautious with grapefruit or grapefruit juice as it may interact with certain medications.
- Always check with your doctor or pharmacist before trying new foods or supplements during treatment.
Living with the Condition
Managing daily activities:
- Take breaks and rest as needed; fatigue is common.
- Listen to your body—don’t push yourself too hard on “low energy” days.
Exercise, lifestyle, and emotional well-being:
- Light physical activity, like walking, can boost mood and energy if you feel up to it.
- Stay socially connected—family, friends, or support groups can help you cope.
- Don’t hesitate to ask for help with chores or errands.
- Emotional ups and downs are normal—counseling or support groups can provide comfort and advice.
Tips for long-term monitoring and follow-up:
- Attend all scheduled follow-ups to check for remission or early signs of relapse.
- Discuss any new or persistent symptoms with your healthcare team.
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle for overall well-being.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. Is Hodgkin lymphoma curable?
- Yes, many people are cured, especially with early detection and modern treatments.
2. Will I lose my hair with treatment?
- Some chemotherapy drugs can cause hair loss, but it usually grows back after treatment ends.
3. Can I still work or go to school during treatment?
- Many people can, but you may need to adjust your schedule depending on how you feel and your treatment plan.
4. Will I be able to have children after treatment?
- Some treatments can affect fertility. If this is important to you, discuss fertility preservation options with your doctor before starting treatment.
5. When should I call my doctor?
- If you have a high fever, unusual bleeding, severe pain, or signs of infection (like chills or sore throat), contact your doctor right away.
Call to Action: When to Contact a Doctor
- If you notice new lumps or swelling, persistent fevers, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, or feel unwell, see a doctor promptly.
- During treatment, alert your care team to any side effects or symptoms that worry you.