Understanding Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Patient Education Resource
This page is meant as an educational resource only. For professional advice, please consult your doctor.
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1. Overview
What is ITP?
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is a condition where the immune system mistakenly destroys platelets – the blood cells responsible for helping blood to clot. This increases the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Who is affected?
- Affects both children and adults
- In children, often follows a viral infection and resolves on its own
- In adults, it can be chronic and may need long-term management
2. Causes and Risk Factors
Why does it happen?
- The immune system attacks platelets by mistake
- Often the cause is unknown
- May be triggered by infections, medications, or autoimmune diseases
Who is more at risk?
- More common in women, but can sometimes occur in men
- People with autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus)
- Individuals recovering from viral infections or certain vaccinations
3. Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms:
- Easy or unexplained bruising
- Tiny red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae)
- Frequent or prolonged nosebleeds
- Bleeding gums
- Heavy menstrual periods
- Fatigue (in some cases)
4. Diagnosis
How is it diagnosed?
ITP is usually diagnosed by excluding other causes of low platelets.
Common tests include:
- Complete blood count (CBC) – shows low platelet count
- Peripheral blood smear – checks blood cells under a microscope
- Additional blood tests – rule out infections or autoimmune diseases
5. Treatment Options
Treatment depends on platelet count and symptoms.
Options include:
- Observation (no treatment) for mild cases
- Steroids (e.g., prednisolone) – reduce immune attack on platelets
- IVIG – for rapid temporary increase in platelet count
- Anti-D – for Rh-positive patients
- Rituximab – immune-targeted therapy
- Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (e.g., eltrombopag, romiplostim)
- Other immunosuppressive agents or medication e.g. azathioprine, mycophenolate
- Splenectomy – considered in chronic or refractory cases
Advanced or investigational therapies:
- New immunotherapies and biologics are under study
- Clinical trial options may be discussed with your doctor
6. Dietary Advice
What to eat:
- Iron-rich foods (leafy greens, legumes, lean meats)
- Adequate protein for healing
- Plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
What to avoid:
- Alcohol – may reduce platelet production
- Raw/undercooked food – if on immune-suppressing treatments
- Herbal supplements (e.g., ginkgo, ginger, garlic) – may increase bleeding
Supplements:
- Only take iron, folic acid, or B12 if deficient – check with your doctor
- Avoid self-medicating with herbal products
Food safety and drug interactions:
- Avoid NSAIDs (like ibuprofen) which can worsen bleeding
- Check for grapefruit interactions with your medications
7. Living with the Condition
Managing daily life:
- Avoid contact sports or activities with injury risk
- Use soft toothbrushes and avoid razors
Exercise, lifestyle, and emotional well-being:
- Stay active with light exercises like walking or yoga
- Get enough sleep and manage stress
- Join a support group or talk to a counselor if needed
Long-term monitoring:
- Regular blood tests
- Track symptoms like bruising or bleeding
- Stay in contact with your hematologist
8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Can ITP be cured?
A: Children may recover fully. Adults may have chronic ITP but it can be well managed.
Q: Can I travel or fly if I have ITP?
A: Yes, but inform your doctor, especially if on medications.
Q: Will I need treatment forever?
A: Not necessarily. Some people only need treatment during flares.
Q: Can I get vaccinated?
A: Yes, but always check with your doctor about the timing and type of vaccine.
Q: Is pregnancy safe with ITP?
A: Yes, but it requires close monitoring by your hematologist and obstetrician.
9. Call to Action
Contact your doctor if you notice:
- New or worsening bruising or bleeding
- Severe headache or vision changes
- Fever or infection symptoms while on treatment
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