This page is meant as an educational resource only. For professional advice, please consult your doctor.
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Overview
What is Multiple Myeloma?
- Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that starts in plasma cells, which are a kind of white blood cell found in your bone marrow.
- These abnormal plasma cells multiply, crowding out normal cells, and can cause damage to bones, kidneys, and the immune system.
Who is affected?
- Most commonly affects adults over 60, but younger adults can also be diagnosed.
- Slightly more common in men than women.
- Higher risk in those with a family history of myeloma.
Causes and Risk Factors
Why does it happen?
- The exact cause is unknown, but it involves genetic changes in plasma cells.
- Most cases have no clear cause, but certain risk factors can increase your chances.
Are certain people more at risk?
- Older age (most diagnosed are over 60)
- Family history of myeloma or related blood disorders
- Being male
- History of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
- Exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., pesticides, radiation)
Symptoms
What are the common signs and symptoms?
- Bone pain (especially in the back or ribs)
- Weakness or fatigue (from anemia)
- Frequent infections
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- High calcium levels (can cause thirst, constipation, confusion)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Kidney problems
Diagnosis
How is it diagnosed?
- Usually diagnosed with a combination of blood tests, urine tests, and imaging.
What tests are commonly done?
- Blood tests: To check for abnormal proteins (M protein), blood cell counts, kidney function, and calcium levels.
- Urine tests: To detect Bence Jones proteins.
- Bone marrow biopsy: To look for abnormal plasma cells.
- Imaging: X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to look for bone damage.
Treatment Options
What are the treatment choices?
- Not everyone needs treatment right away (some have “smoldering myeloma” and are monitored).
- Main treatments include:
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted therapy (e.g., proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs)
- Immunotherapy (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T therapy in some cases)
- Corticosteroids
- Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant
- Radiation therapy (for specific bone pain or lesions)
- Supportive treatments for symptoms (e.g., bone-strengthening drugs, antibiotics for infection prevention)
Are there any advanced or investigational therapies?
- Yes, clinical trials may offer access to new drugs or CAR-T cell therapy.
- Discuss with your doctor if you are interested in participating in research studies.
Dietary Advice
Specific dietary recommendations
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
- Stay well-hydrated (especially important if you have kidney problems).
- Limit salt, processed foods, and excess sugar.
- Moderate your calcium intake if you have high blood calcium.
Nutrition tips to support treatment or symptom control
- Small, frequent meals may help if you have nausea or reduced appetite.
- If you’re losing weight, focus on calorie-dense, nutritious foods.
- Ask to see a dietitian if you have difficulty eating or special needs.
Common supplements (if applicable) and when to discuss with your doctor
- Avoid taking vitamins, minerals, or herbal supplements without your doctor’s advice—some can interfere with treatment.
- Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be recommended for bone health, but only under supervision.
Address food safety or drug-food interactions if relevant
- Practice good food hygiene to reduce infection risk (wash hands, cook meat thoroughly, avoid unpasteurized dairy).
- Some medicines may interact with grapefruit or other foods—check with your doctor or pharmacist.
Living with the Condition
Managing daily activities
- Listen to your body—rest when tired, but try to stay active.
- Use aids or ask for help if you have bone pain or mobility issues.
Exercise, lifestyle, and emotional well-being
- Gentle exercise (walking, swimming, stretching) helps maintain strength and mood.
- Don’t hesitate to seek support—counseling, patient groups, and talking to friends or family can help.
Tips for long-term monitoring and follow-up
- Attend all scheduled appointments and blood tests.
- Report new symptoms to your healthcare team promptly.
- Keep an up-to-date medication list and let your doctor know about any side effects.
FAQs
1. Is multiple myeloma curable?
- Myeloma is usually considered a long-term (chronic) condition. Many people can live well for years with modern treatments, but relapses can occur.
2. Can I work and travel with myeloma?
- Many patients can continue work and travel, especially during stable periods. Discuss with your doctor for personalized advice.
3. Will I lose my hair during treatment?
- Some treatments may cause hair thinning, but not all. Ask your doctor about what to expect with your specific medications.
4. Can I still exercise or play sports?
- Yes, but choose low-impact activities and avoid heavy lifting if you have bone involvement. Consult your care team for safe options.
5. What can I do to prevent infections?
- Wash hands frequently, avoid crowds when your immune system is low, keep up with vaccinations (as recommended), and notify your doctor if you have fever or signs of infection.
Call to Action
When to contact a doctor
- If you develop fever, chills, or symptoms of infection
- New or worsening bone pain
- Sudden weakness, numbness, or confusion
- Difficulty passing urine, or less urine than usual
- Unusual bleeding or bruising
Other Information Resources
This information is intended for educational purposes. Always discuss your individual case and treatment options with your healthcare team.